Multiple laser light source sets for scanning display systems

ABSTRACT

Systems, devices, and methods for accommodating multiple sets of laser light sources in an optical engine of a display system such as a laser projection system are described. Laser light beams may be combined via wavelength-, polarization-, and/or angular-separation-based techniques. First and second sets of laser light beams may be angularly separated such that different sets of partially overlapping pixels are projected by the system, thereby increasing the display pixel density and/or an expanding the field of view of the display. One or more laser die may be mounted to each submount of the optical engine. For embodiments with two laser dies on each submount, collimating lenses may introduce angular separation between laser light beams output by each pair of commonly mounted laser dies. A retroreflector prism may be disposed at a beam combiner to provide a compact extension of the optical path through the beam combiner.

BACKGROUND

Scanning display systems, such as scanning laser projection systems,conventionally use a single set of semiconductor laser light sources togenerate the laser light that is projected by the system to displayimages. Such a set of semiconductor laser light sources typicallyincludes one each of a red laser light source, a green laser lightsource, and a blue laser light source. However, commercially availablesemiconductor laser light sources with sufficient illumination power forthe requirements of a typical scanning display system have relativelyhigh threshold excitation levels, meaning that electrical power fed intosuch a semiconductor laser below its threshold excitation level does notgenerate usable light for the display system, resulting in wastedenergy. Additionally, commercially available lasers with relatively lowthreshold excitation levels do not have sufficient illumination power tomeet the requirements of a typical scanning display system. The loss ofenergy due to below-threshold excitation of the semiconductor lasersreduces the available duty-cycle of display systems with fixed batterycapacity.

Due to these limitations, typical semiconductor laser light sourcesgenerally operate above their threshold excitation level to achievelasing. However, this limits the ability of the semiconductor laserlight sources to operate at the dimmer end of their dynamic range. Thatis, requiring a typical semiconductor laser light source to operateabove its threshold excitation level results in the semiconductor laserlight source being unable to produce stable amounts of laser light at alow intensity.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

In certain embodiments, a display system comprises an optical enginethat includes a first set of laser light sources that includes at leastthree laser light sources, and a second set of laser light sources thatincludes at least one laser light source; and a beam combiner configuredto combine a plurality of laser light beams output by the first set oflaser light sources and the second set of laser light sources.

The laser light sources of the first set of laser light sources may havea first threshold excitation level, and the laser light sources of thesecond set of laser light sources may have a second threshold excitationlevel. The first set of laser light sources may output laser light beamshaving a first intensity and a first set of wavelengths, such that thesecond set of laser light sources output second laser light beams havinga second intensity and a second set of wavelengths that is substantiallyidentical to the first set of wavelengths. The first thresholdexcitation level may be higher than the second threshold excitationlevel, and the first intensity may be higher than the second intensity.

The first set of laser light sources may output laser light beams havinga first set of wavelengths, and the second set of laser light sourcesmay output second laser light beams having a second set of wavelengthsthat is different from the first set of wavelengths. The first set ofwavelengths may include first red, green, and blue (R1G1B1) nominalwavelengths, and the second set of wavelengths may include second red,green, and blue (R2G2B2) nominal wavelengths that are different than theR1G1B1 nominal wavelengths. The first set of wavelengths may includered, green, and blue (RGB) nominal wavelengths, and the second set ofwavelengths may include cyan, yellow, and maroon (CYM) nominalwavelengths.

The first set of laser light sources may include a first type of laserlight source, and the second set of laser light sources may include asecond type of laser light source different from the first type of laserlight source. The first type of laser light source may be selected froma group that includes double heterojunction laser diodes, quantum dotlasers, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), internalcavity lasers, and external cavity lasers.

The second set of laser light sources may include multiple laser lightsources, and the beam combiner may include a first set of dichroic beamsplitters configured to combine a first subset of the plurality of laserlight beams output by the first set of laser light sources into a firstcombined laser light beam, and a second set of dichroic beam splittersconfigured to combine a second subset of the plurality of laser lightbeams output by the second set of laser light sources into a secondcombined laser light beam. The first combined laser light beam may beangularly separated from the second combined laser light beam. Thedisplay system may further include a waveguide having an incoupler, thewaveguide configured to project the first combined laser light beam andthe second combined laser light beam; and an optical scanner configuredto receive the first combined laser light beam and the second combinedlaser light beam and to scan the first combined laser light beam and thesecond combined laser light beam along the incoupler to form respectivefirst and second sets of pixels.

The at least one laser light source of the second set of laser lightsources may include multiple laser light sources. The optical engine mayfurther include a plurality of submounts, such that each of a pluralityof pairs of laser light sources of the first and second sets of laserlight sources may be disposed on a respectively different submount ofthe plurality of submounts. Each laser light source of the first andsecond sets of laser light sources may comprise a laser die. The displaysystem may further include a plurality of collimating lenses disposedbetween the optical engine and the beam combiner, such that thecollimating lenses are configured to angularly separate pairs of laserlight beams of the plurality of laser light beams, each of the pairs oflaser light beams corresponding to a different pair of the plurality ofpairs of laser light sources.

At least one of the laser light sources may output a laser light beamhaving a noncircular profile.

In certain embodiments, an optical engine may include a first set oflaser light sources having at least three laser light sources, and asecond set of laser light sources that includes at least one laser lightsource. The laser light sources of the first set of laser light sourcesmay have a first threshold excitation level, and the laser light sourcesof the second set of laser light sources may have a second thresholdexcitation level. The first set of laser light sources may output laserlight beams having a first intensity and a first set of wavelengths,such that the second set of laser light sources output second laserlight beams having a second intensity and a second set of wavelengthsthat is substantially identical to the first set of wavelengths. Thefirst threshold excitation level may be higher than the second thresholdexcitation level, and the first intensity may be higher than the secondintensity.

The first set of laser light sources may output laser light beams havinga first set of wavelengths, such that the second set of laser lightsources output second laser light beams having a second set ofwavelengths that is different from the first set of wavelengths. Thefirst set of wavelengths may include first red, green, and blue (R1G1B1)nominal wavelengths, and the second set of wavelengths may includesecond red, green, and blue (R2G2B2) nominal wavelengths that aredifferent than the R1G1B1 nominal wavelengths. The first set ofwavelengths may include red, green, and blue (RGB) nominal wavelengths,and the second set of wavelengths may include cyan, yellow, and maroon(CYM) nominal wavelengths.

The first set of laser light sources may include a first type of laserlight source, and the second set of laser light sources may include adistinct second type of laser light source.

In some embodiments, a wearable heads-up display (WHUD) may include afirst set of laser light sources that includes at least three laserlight sources, a second set of laser light sources that includes atleast one laser light source, and a beam combiner configured to combinea plurality of laser light beams output by the first set of laser lightsources and the second set of laser light sources.

The second set of laser light sources may include multiple laser lightsources, such that the beam combiner includes a plurality of dichroicbeam splitters configured to combine a first subset of the plurality oflaser light beams output by the first set of laser light sources into afirst combined laser light beam and to combine a second subset of theplurality of laser light beams output by the second set of laser lightsources into a second combined laser light beam. The first combinedlaser light beam may be angularly separated from the second combinedlaser light beam. The WHUD may further include an optical scannerconfigured to scan the first combined laser light beam and the secondcombined laser light beam along an incoupler of a waveguide, such as toform respective first and second sets of pixels based at least in parton an angular separation of the first combined laser light beam and thesecond combined laser light beam.

The at least one laser light source of the second set of laser lightsources may include multiple laser light sources, such that the opticalengine further comprises a plurality of submounts, and that each of aplurality of pairs of laser light sources of the first and second setsof laser light sources may be disposed on a respectively differentsubmount of the plurality of submounts.

In certain embodiments, a display system may include an optical enginehaving a plurality of laser light sources, and a beam combinerconfigured to combine a plurality of laser light beams output by theplurality of laser light sources.

The beam combiner may include a plurality of dichroic beam splittersthat each receive one or more laser light beams of the plurality oflaser light beams. The plurality of dichroic beam splitters may bearranged within the beam combiner in an ascending order with respect toa wavelength of light respectively associated with each of the pluralityof dichroic beam splitters.

The beam combiner may include at least one polarization beam splitterconfigured to combine a first subset of the plurality of laser lightbeams having a first polarization with a second subset of the pluralityof laser light beams having a second polarization.

The beam combiner may be configured to combine a first subset of theplurality of laser light beams into a first combined laser light beam,and to combine a second subset of the plurality of laser light beamsinto a second combined laser light beam that is distinct and separatefrom the first combined laser light beam. The beam combiner may includea first set of dichroic beam splitters to combine the first subset oflaser light beams and may include a second set of dichroic beamsplitters to combine the second subset of laser light beams. The firstcombined laser light beam may be angularly separated with respect to thesecond combined laser light beam. The display system may further includea waveguide having an incoupler and configured to project the firstcombined laser light beam and the second combined laser light beam; andan optical scanner configured to receive the first combined laser lightbeam and the second combined laser light beam and to scan the firstcombined laser light beam and the second combined laser light beam viathe incoupler, such as to form respective first and second sets ofpixels. The first set of pixels may at least partially overlap thesecond set of pixels within a field of view of the display system. Afirst region of the field of view may include only pixels of the firstset of pixels, and a second region of the field of view may include onlypixels of the second set of pixels. A third region of the field of viewmay include pixels of the first set of pixels superimposed with at leastsome of the second set of pixels.

The display system may further include a plurality of collimating lensesthat are disposed between the optical engine and the beam combiner, andthat are configured to angularly separate pairs of laser light beams ofthe plurality of laser light beams. The display system may still furtherinclude a retroreflector prism disposed at a first side of the beamcombiner, such that the optical engine and the collimating lenses aredisposed at a second side of the beam combiner that is opposite thefirst side. The retroreflector prism may be configured to provide anextended optical path length to one or more laser light beams of theplurality of laser light beams. The display system may further include awedge prism coupled to the beam combiner to adjust an angular separationbetween the laser light beams of each pair of laser light beams outputby the beam combiner toward the retroreflector prism.

In certain embodiments a beam combiner, operable to be optically coupledto a plurality of laser light sources, may include a plurality ofdichroic beam splitters configured to combine a first subset of theplurality of laser light beams into a first combined laser light beam,and to combine a second subset of the plurality of laser light beamsinto a second combined laser light beam that is distinct and separatefrom the first combined laser light beam.

The plurality of dichroic beam splitters may be arranged within the beamcombiner in an ascending order with respect to a wavelength of lightrespectively associated with each of the plurality of dichroic beamsplitters.

The beam combiner may include at least one polarization beam splitterconfigured to combine a first subset of the plurality of laser lightbeams having a first polarization with a second subset of the pluralityof laser light beams having a second polarization.

The beam combiner may include a first set of dichroic beam splitters tocombine the first subset of laser light beams, and a second set ofdichroic beam splitters to combine the second subset of laser lightbeams.

The first combined laser light beam may be angularly separated withrespect to the second laser light beam.

The beam combiner may include a retroreflector prism configured toprovide an extended optical path length to one or more laser light beamsof the plurality of laser light beams. The beam combiner may furtherinclude a wedge prism configured to adjust an angular separation betweenthe laser light beams of each of multiple pairs of laser light beamsoutput by the beam combiner toward the retroreflector prism.

In certain embodiments, a method may include combining a first subset ofa plurality of laser light beams into a first combined laser light beam;combining a second subset of the plurality of laser light beams into asecond combined laser light beam that is angularly separated from thefirst combined laser light beam; and, based at least in part on anangular separation of the first combined laser light beam and the secondcombined laser light beam, scanning the first combined laser light beamand the second combined laser light beam across an incoupler of awaveguide to form respective first and second sets of pixels.

The first set of pixels may at least partially overlap the second set ofpixels within a field of view of the display system. A first region ofthe field of view may include only pixels of the first set of pixels,and a second region of the field of view may include only pixels of thesecond set of pixels. A third region of the field of view may includepixels of the first set of pixels superimposed with at least some of thesecond set of pixels.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure may be better understood, and its numerousfeatures and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art byreferencing the accompanying drawings. The use of the same referencesymbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.

FIG. 1 illustrates a display system having an integrated laserprojection system, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a laser projection system having an optical scannerthat includes an optical relay disposed between two scan mirrors, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates a waveguide having an incoupler, outcoupler, and exitpupil expander, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates a laser projection system that includes a moldedreflective relay disposed between two scan mirrors, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a laser projection system that includes a moldedreflective relay disposed between two scan mirrors, and illustratingoptical paths through the molded reflective relay, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates a partially transparent view of a wearable heads-updisplay (WHUD) that includes a laser projection system, in accordancewith some embodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates a partially transparent front isometric view of alaser projection system disposed within a WHUD, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates a partially transparent rear isometric view of alaser projection system disposed within a WHUD, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 9 illustrates an optical engine having a single set of laser lightsources including a red laser light source, a green laser light source,and a blue laser light source disposed in an enclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates an optical engine having two sets of laser lightsources, each set including a red laser light source, a green laserlight source, and a blue laser light source and being disposed in anenclosure, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example arrangement of dichroic beam splittersarranged in series in the beam combiner of FIG. 10, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example arrangement of dichroic beam splitters,with at least some of the beam splitters being arranged perpendicularlyto the others in the beam combiner of FIG. 10, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example arrangement of the beam combiner of FIG.10 in which a polarizing beam splitter combines different polarizationsof laser light beams, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example arrangement of first and second sets ofdichroic beam splitters in the beam combiner of FIG. 10, where the twosets of dichroic beam splitters produce angularly separated combinedlaser light beams, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 15 illustrates a portion of an optical scanner that includes a 4frelay, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 16 illustrates a portion of an optical scanner that includes a 4frelay, with first and second angularly separated input laser light beamsbeing divided between two different scan regions corresponding to twodifferent fields of view of the display system, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 17 illustrates an optical scanner having a molded reflective relay,in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 18 illustrates an optical scanner having a molded reflective relay,in which first and second angularly separated input laser light beamsare incident on the first scan mirror of the optical scanner, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 19 illustrates a portion of an optical scanner that includes a 4frelay, with first and second angularly separated input laser light beamsbeing scanned across overlapping scan regions, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 20 illustrates a row of pixels that includes a first set of pixelsthat partially overlaps a second set of pixels, due to angularseparation of corresponding input laser light beams, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 21 illustrates an optical scanner having a molded reflective relay,in which first, second, and third angularly separated input laser lightbeams are incident on the first scan mirror of the optical scanner, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 22 illustrates a row of pixels that includes first, second, andthird sets of pixels that partially overlap one another due to angularseparation of corresponding input laser light beams, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 23 illustrates a row of pixels that includes first, second, third,and fourth sets of pixels that partially overlap one another due toangular separation of corresponding input laser light beams, with two ofthe input laser light beams being out of plane with the other two inputlaser light beams, causing the third and fourth sets of pixels to bevertically offset from the first and second sets of pixels, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 24 illustrates four angularly separated input laser light beamsthat correspond to a 2×2 block of pixels, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 25 illustrates the pixels within the field of view of a displaysystem that includes the angularly separated input laser light beams ofFIG. 28, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 26 illustrates a portion of a display system having an opticalengine that includes red, green, and blue laser light sources, with eachsubmount of the optical engine including only a respective pair of laserdie, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 27 illustrates a portion of a display system having an opticalengine that includes red, green, and blue laser light sources, with eachsubmount of the optical engine including only a respective pair of laserdie, and with a respective collimating lens being included between theoptical engine and the beam combiner for each pair of laser die, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 28 illustrates the relationship between angular separation, pathlength, and spacing between commonly mounted laser die pairs, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 29 illustrates a retroreflector prism disposed at a beam combinerof a display system, where angularly separated laser light beams passingthrough the retroreflector prism intersect at the reflective surface ofa scan mirror, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 30 illustrates a wedge prism disposed on a beam combiner, where thewedge prism introduces or changes angular separation between laser lightbeams output by the beam combiner, in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments described herein relate to display systems, such as scanninglaser projection systems, that include optical engines having multiplesets of laser light sources, each respectively including one or more ofa green laser light source, a blue laser light source, and a red laserlight source. By using multiple sets of semiconductor laser sourceshaving relatively low threshold excitation levels, the lower end of thedynamic range for each of the various colors of laser light output bythe optical engine is improved with respect to optical engines usingonly a single set of laser light sources with comparatively higherthreshold excitation levels. Herein, the “threshold excitation level” ofa laser light source refers to the lowest excitation level at which thelaser light source's output is dominated by stimulated emission, ratherthan by spontaneous emission, in which the excitation level iscorrelated with the amount of power supplied to the laser light source.The ratio of the input electrical power for a laser light source to theresultant excitation of the laser light source is orders of magnitudegreater when operating above the threshold excitation level compared towhen operating below the threshold excitation level. Thus, operating alaser light source above its threshold excitation level is more powerefficient than if the laser is operated below its threshold excitationlevel. Accordingly, by utilizing laser light sources with relatively lowthreshold excitation levels, the optical engines described herein aremore energy efficient than conventional optical engines that utilizeonly a single set of laser light sources with high threshold excitationlevels. Because more than one set of laser light sources is used in theoptical engines of the present disclosure, the total illumination powerof such optical engines is able to meet the requirements of a typicalscanning display system.

In some embodiments, various wavelengths of laser light from themultiple sets of laser light sources of the optical engine are combinedusing dichroic beam splitters of a beam combiner. In some embodiments,each set of laser light sources of the optical engine outputs laserlight having a different polarization with respect to laser light outputby each other set of laser light sources of the optical engine, andpolarizing beam splitters are used to combine the differentpolarizations of laser light. In some embodiments, the laser light fromthe sets of laser light sources of the optical engine is combined usingrespectively different set of dichroic beam splitters, such that eachset of dichroic beam splitters outputs a respective combined laser lightbeam that is angularly separated with respect to each other combinedlaser light beam—a technique sometimes referred to herein as “angularseparation.”

In some embodiments, two or more angularly separated input laser lightbeams incident at a first scan mirror are scanned along a common planethrough an optical relay of the scanning display system, such that twoor more sets of partially overlapping pixels are output by the displaysystem. In some embodiments, three or more angularly separated inputlaser light beams incident at a first scan mirror are scanned through anoptical relay of the scanning display system, with first and secondinput laser light beams being scanned along a first plane and theremaining input laser light beams being scanned along a second planethat is different from the first plane, such that three or more sets ofpartially overlapping pixels are output by the display system.

Generally, each laser light source of the optical engine includes asubmount and a laser die disposed on the submount. In some embodiments,multiple laser dies may be placed on a common submount of the opticalengine. In one example, the optical engine includes a first laser lightsource that includes a first submount on which first and second bluelaser dies are disposed, a second laser light source that includes asecond submount on which first and second green laser dies are disposed,and a third laser light source that includes a third submount on whichfirst and second red laser dies are disposed. In some embodiments, thecollimating lenses at the output of each laser light source of theoptical engine may have discrete, edge-trimmed lenses, with each lensbeing shaped to have an aperture that approximates the cross-sectionalshape (e.g., non-circular elliptical) of the laser beam output by one ormore corresponding laser dies of the optical engine, which mayadvantageously decrease the acceptable minimum distance between twolaser dies positioned on the same submount. In some embodiments, thecollimating lenses at the output of the optical engine may each includean array of lenses. In some embodiments, the collimating lenses at theoutput of the optical engine may include a single lens per pair of laserdies (i.e., with each pair of laser dies being disposed on a respectivecommon submount), with the output laser light beam from each laser diebeing symmetrically de-centered from the output laser light beam fromthe other laser die in the pair. This symmetric decentering of the laserlight beams output by the laser dies of each pair causes the beamcombiner to produce combined laser light beams that are angularlyseparated. In some embodiments, the laser die spacing or path lengthfrom one or more of the collimating lenses to the beam combiner may beadjusted for each pair of commonly mounted laser die to better align thelaser light beams output by laser dies of different pairs. In someembodiments, path length for a given pair of laser dies may be increasedby passing the laser light beams generated by that pair of laser diesthrough a retroreflector prism disposed at and/or mounted to the beamcombiner. In some embodiments, first and second sets of angularlyseparated laser light beams may intersect at the surface of the firstscan mirror. In some embodiments, the amount of angular separationbetween the first and second sets of angularly separated laser lightbeams may be adjusted via a wedge prism disposed on the beam combiner orvia separate facets of the retroreflector prism.

FIGS. 1-30 illustrate embodiments of an example display system in whichvarious optical engines and beam combiners of the present disclosure maybe implemented. It will be appreciated that the apparatuses andtechniques of the present disclosure are not limited to implementationto this particular display system, but instead may be implemented in anyof a variety of display systems using the guidelines provided herein.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example display system 100 having a supportstructure 102 that includes an arm 104, which houses a laser projectionsystem configured to project images toward the eye of a user, such thatthe user perceives the projected images as being displayed in a field ofview (FOV) area 106 of a display at one or both of lens elements 108,110. In the depicted embodiment, the display system 100 is a wearableheads-up display (WHUD) that includes a support structure 102 configuredto be worn on the head of a user and has a general shape and appearanceof an eyeglasses (e.g., sunglasses) frame. The support structure 102contains or otherwise includes various components to facilitate theprojection of such images toward the eye of the user, such as a laserprojector, an optical scanner, and a waveguide. In some embodiments, thesupport structure 102 further includes various sensors, such as one ormore front-facing cameras, rear-facing cameras, other light sensors,motion sensors, accelerometers, and the like. The support structure 102further can include one or more radio frequency (RF) interfaces or otherwireless interfaces, such as a Bluetooth™ interface, a WiFi interface,and the like. Furthermore, in some embodiments the support structure 102further includes one or more batteries or other portable power sourcesfor supplying power to the electrical components of the display system100. In some embodiments, some or all of these components of the displaysystem 100 are fully or partially contained within an inner volume ofsupport structure 102, such as within the arm 104 in region 112 of thesupport structure 102. It should be noted that while an example formfactor is depicted, it will be appreciated that in other embodiments thedisplay system 100 may have a different shape and appearance from theeyeglasses frame depicted in FIG. 1.

One or both of the lens elements 108, 110 are used by the display system100 to provide an augmented reality (AR) display in which renderedgraphical content can be superimposed over or otherwise provided inconjunction with a real-world view as perceived by the user through thelens elements 108, 110. For example, laser light used to form aperceptible image or series of images may be projected by a laserprojector of the display system 100 onto the eye of the user via aseries of optical elements, such as a waveguide formed at leastpartially in the corresponding lens element, one or more scan mirrors,and one or more optical relays. One or both of the lens elements 108,110 thus include at least a portion of a waveguide that routes displaylight received by an incoupler of the waveguide to an outcoupler of thewaveguide, which outputs the display light toward an eye of a user ofthe display system 100. The display light is modulated and scanned ontothe eye of the user such that the user perceives the display light as animage. In addition, each of the lens elements 108, 110 is sufficientlytransparent to allow a user to see through the lens elements to providea field of view of the user's real-world environment such that the imageappears superimposed over at least a portion of the real-worldenvironment.

In some embodiments, the projector is a digital light processing-basedprojector, a scanning laser projector, or any combination of amodulative light source such as a laser or one or more LEDs and adynamic reflector mechanism such as one or more dynamic scanners ordigital light processors. In some embodiments, the projector includesmultiple laser diodes (e.g., a red laser diode, a green laser diode,and/or a blue laser diode) and at least one scan mirror (e.g., twoone-dimensional scan mirrors, which may be micro-electromechanicalsystem (MEMS)-based or piezo-based). The projector is communicativelycoupled to the controller and a non-transitory processor-readablestorage medium or memory storing processor-executable instructions andother data that, when executed by the controller, cause the controllerto control the operation of the projector. In some embodiments, thecontroller controls a scan area size and scan area location for theprojector and is communicatively coupled to a processor (not shown) thatgenerates content to be displayed at the display system 100. Theprojector scans light over a variable area, designated the FOV area 106,of the display system 100. The scan area size corresponds to the size ofthe FOV area 106 and the scan area location corresponds to a region ofone of the lens elements 108, 110 at which the FOV area 106 is visibleto the user. Generally, it is desirable for a display to have a wide FOVto accommodate the outcoupling of light across a wide range of angles.Herein, the range of different user eye positions that will be able tosee the display is referred to as the eyebox of the display.

In some embodiments, the projector routes light via first and secondscan mirrors, an optical relay disposed between the first and secondscan mirrors, and a waveguide disposed at the output of the second scanmirror. In some embodiments, at least a portion of an outcoupler of thewaveguide may overlap the FOV area 106. These aspects are described ingreater detail below.

FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a laser projectionsystem 200 that projects images directly onto the eye of a user vialaser light. The laser projection system 200 includes an optical engine202, an optical scanner 204, and a waveguide 205. The optical scanner204 includes a first scan mirror 206, a second scan mirror 208, and anoptical relay 210. The waveguide 205 includes an incoupler 212 and anoutcoupler 214, with the outcoupler 214 being optically aligned with aneye 216 of a user in the present example. In some embodiments, the laserprojection system 200 is implemented in a wearable heads-up display orother display system, such as the display system 100 of FIG. 1.

The optical engine 202 includes one or more laser light sourcesconfigured to generate and output laser light 218 (e.g., visible laserlight such as red, blue, and green laser light and/or non-visible laserlight such as infrared laser light). In some embodiments, the opticalengine 202 is coupled to a driver or other controller (not shown), whichcontrols the timing of emission of laser light from the laser lightsources of the optical engine 202 in accordance with instructionsreceived by the controller or driver from a computer processor coupledthereto to modulate the laser light 218 to be perceived as images whenoutput to the retina of an eye 216 of a user.

For example, during operation of the laser projection system 200,multiple laser light beams having respectively different wavelengths areoutput by the laser light sources of the optical engine 202, thencombined via a beam combiner (not shown), before being directed to theeye 216 of the user. The optical engine 202 modulates the respectiveintensities of the laser light beams so that the combined laser lightreflects a series of pixels of an image, with the particular intensityof each laser light beam at any given point in time contributing to theamount of corresponding color content and brightness in the pixel beingrepresented by the combined laser light at that time.

One or both of the scan mirrors 206 and 208 of the optical scanner 204are MEMS mirrors in some embodiments. For example, the scan mirror 206and the scan mirror 208 are MEMS mirrors that are driven by respectiveactuation voltages to oscillate during active operation of the laserprojection system 200, causing the scan mirrors 206 and 208 to scan thelaser light 218. Oscillation of the scan mirror 206 causes laser light218 output by the optical engine 202 to be scanned through the opticalrelay 210 and across a surface of the second scan mirror 208. The secondscan mirror 208 scans the laser light 218 received from the scan mirror206 toward an incoupler 212 of the waveguide 205. In some embodiments,the scan mirror 206 oscillates or otherwise rotates around a first axis219, such that the laser light 218 is scanned in only one dimension(i.e., in a line) across the surface of the second scan mirror 208. Insome embodiments, the scan mirror 208 oscillates or otherwise rotatesaround a second axis 221. In some embodiments, the first axis 219 isskew with respect to the second axis 221.

In some embodiments, the incoupler 212 has a substantially rectangularprofile and is configured to receive the laser light 218 and direct thelaser light 218 into the waveguide 205. The incoupler 212 is defined bya smaller dimension (i.e., width) and a larger orthogonal dimension(i.e., length). In an embodiment, the optical relay 210 is a line-scanoptical relay that receives the laser light 218 scanned in a firstdimension by the first scan mirror 206 (e.g., the first dimensioncorresponding to the small dimension of the incoupler 212), routes thelaser light 218 to the second scan mirror 208, and introduces aconvergence to the laser light 218 (e.g., via collimation) in the firstdimension to an exit pupil plane of the optical relay 210 beyond thesecond scan mirror 208. Herein, an “exit pupil plane” in an opticalsystem refers to the location along the optical path where lightconverges to a virtual aperture before exiting the optical system. Forexample, the possible optical paths of the laser light 218, followingreflection by the first scan mirror 206, are initially spread along afirst scanning axis, but later these paths intersect at an exit pupilbeyond the second scan mirror 208 due to convergence introduced by theoptical relay 210. For example, the width (i.e., smallest dimension) ofa given exit pupil approximately corresponds to the diameter of thelaser light corresponding to that exit pupil. Accordingly, the exitpupil can be considered a “virtual aperture,” In some embodiments, theexit pupil plane of the optical relay 210 is coincident with theincoupler 212. In some embodiments, an entrance pupil plane of theoptical relay 210 is coincident with the first scan mirror 206.

According to various embodiments, the optical relay 210 includes one ormore spherical, aspheric, parabolic, or freeform lenses that shape anddirect the laser light 218 on the second scan mirror 208, and/orincludes a molded reflective relay that includes two or more opticalsurfaces that include, but are not limited to, spherical, aspheric,parabolic, or freeform lenses or reflectors (sometimes referred to as“reflective surfaces” herein), which shape and direct the laser light218 onto the second scan mirror 208. The second scan mirror 208 receivesthe laser light 218 and scans the laser light 218 in a second dimension,the second dimension corresponding to the long dimension of theincoupler 212 of the waveguide 205. In some embodiments, the second scanmirror 208 causes the exit pupil of the laser light 218 to be sweptalong a line along the second dimension. In some embodiments, theincoupler 212 is positioned at or near the swept line downstream fromthe second scan mirror 208 such that the second scan mirror 208 scansthe laser light 218 as a line or row over the incoupler 212.

In some embodiments, the optical engine 202 includes a laser emitter,such as an edge-emitting laser (EEL), that emits a laser light 218having a substantially elliptical, non-circular cross-section. Theoptical relay 210 magnifies or minimizes the laser light 218 along oneor both of a first direction (e.g., the semi-major axis of the beamprofile of the laser light 218) or a second direction (e.g., thesemi-minor axis of the beam profile of the laser light 218) tocircularize the laser light 218 prior to convergence of the laser light218 on the second scan mirror 208. In some such embodiments, a surfaceof a mirror plate of the first scan mirror 206 is elliptical andnon-circular (e.g., similar in shape and size to the cross-sectionalarea of the laser light 218). In other such embodiments, the surface ofthe mirror plate of the first scan mirror 206 is circular.

The waveguide 205 of the laser projection system 200 includes theincoupler 212 and the outcoupler 214. The term “waveguide,” as usedherein, will be understood to mean a combiner using one or more of totalinternal reflection (TIR), specialized filters, and/or reflectivesurfaces, to transfer light from an incoupler (such as the incoupler212) to an outcoupler (such as the outcoupler 214). In some displayapplications, the light is a collimated image, and the waveguidetransfers and replicates the collimated image to the eye. In general,the terms “incoupler” and “outcoupler” will be understood to refer toany type of optical grating structure, including, but not limited to,diffraction gratings, holograms, holographic optical elements (e.g.,optical elements using one or more holograms), volume diffractiongratings, volume holograms, surface relief diffraction gratings, and/orsurface relief holograms. In some embodiments, a given incoupler oroutcoupler is configured as a transmissive grating (e.g., a transmissivediffraction grating or a transmissive holographic grating) that causesthe incoupler or outcoupler to transmit light and that may applydesigned optical function(s) to the light during the transmission. Insome embodiments, a given incoupler or outcoupler is a reflectivegrating (e.g., a reflective diffraction grating or a reflectiveholographic grating) that causes the incoupler or outcoupler to reflectlight and to apply designed optical function(s) to the light during thereflection. In the present example, the laser light 218 received at theincoupler 212 is propagated to the outcoupler 214 via the waveguide 205using TIR. The laser light 218 is then output to the eye 216 of a uservia the outcoupler 214. As described above, in some embodiments thewaveguide 205 is implemented as part of an eyeglass lens, such as thelens 108 or lens 110 (FIG. 1) of the display system having an eyeglassform factor and employing the laser projection system 200.

Although not shown in the example of FIG. 2, in some embodimentsadditional optical components are included in any of the optical pathsbetween the optical engine 202 and the scan mirror 206, between the scanmirror 206 and the optical relay 210, between the optical relay 210 andthe scan mirror 208, between the scan mirror 208 and the incoupler 212,between the incoupler 212 and the outcoupler 214, and/or between theoutcoupler 214 and the eye 216 (e.g., in order to shape the laser lightfor viewing by the eye 216 of the user). For example, in someembodiments, a prism is used to steer light from the scan mirror 208into the incoupler 212 so that light is coupled into incoupler 212 atthe appropriate angle to encourage propagation of the light in waveguide205 by TIR. As another example, in some embodiments, an exit pupilexpander (e.g., an exit pupil expander 304 of FIG. 3, described below)such as a fold grating is arranged in an intermediate stage betweenincoupler 212 and outcoupler 214 to receive light that is coupled intowaveguide 205 by the incoupler 212, expand the light, and redirect thelight towards the outcoupler 214, where the outcoupler 214 then couplesthe laser light out of waveguide 205 (e.g., toward the eye 216 of theuser).

FIG. 3 shows an example of light propagation within the waveguide 205 ofthe laser projection system 200 of FIG. 2 in accordance with someembodiments. As shown, light received via the incoupler 212, which isscanned along the axis 302, is directed into an exit pupil expander 304and is then routed to the outcoupler 214 to be output (e.g., toward theeye of the user). In some embodiments, the exit pupil expander 304expands one or more dimensions of the eyebox of a WHUD that includes thelaser projection system 200 (e.g., with respect to what the dimensionsof the eyebox of the WHUD would be without the exit pupil expander 304).In some embodiments, the incoupler 212 and the exit pupil expander 304each include respective one-dimensional diffraction gratings (i.e.,diffraction gratings that extend along one dimension), which diffractincident light in a particular direction depending on the angle ofincidence of the incident light and the structural aspects of thediffraction gratings. It should be understood that FIG. 3 shows asubstantially ideal case in which the incoupler 212 directs lightstraight down (with respect to the currently illustrated view) in afirst direction that is perpendicular to the scanning axis 302, and theexit pupil expander 304 directs light to the right (with respect to thecurrently illustrated view) in a second direction that is perpendicularto the first direction. While not shown in the present example, itshould be understood that, in some embodiments, the first direction inwhich the incoupler 212 directs light is slightly or substantiallydiagonal, rather than exactly perpendicular, with respect to thescanning axis 302.

FIG. 4 shows an example embodiment of the laser projection system 200 inwhich the optical relay 210 comprises a molded reflective relay. Asshown, the laser projection system 200 includes a substrate 402 on whicha beam combiner 404, primary lenses 406, and a mirror 408 are disposed.According to various embodiments, the substrate 402 is a printed circuitboard (PCB) or otherwise another applicable substrate.

The optical engine 202 comprises a set of one or more laser lightsources 410 (e.g., laser diodes), such as the illustrated red laserlight source 410-1, green laser light source 410-2, and blue laser lightsource 410-3, wherein a processor or other controller operates theoptical engine 202 to modulate the respective intensity of each laserlight source 410 so as to provide a corresponding red light, greenlight, and blue light contribution to a corresponding pixel of an imagebeing generated for display to the user. The primary lenses 406 includesa corresponding number of collimation lenses (e.g., three collimationlenses for the corresponding three laser light sources 410-1, 410-2, and410-3 in the example above, collectively referred to herein as laserlight sources 410), each interposed in the light path between arespective laser light source 410 of the optical engine 202 and the beamcombiner 404. For example, each laser light source 410 outputs adifferent wavelength of laser light (e.g., corresponding to respectivered, blue, and green wavelengths) through the corresponding primarylenses 406 to be combined at the beam combiner 404 to produce the laserlight (i.e., laser light 218 shown in FIG. 2) to be projected by thelaser projection system 200. The beam combiner 404 receives theindividual laser light inputs and outputs a combined laser light 218 tothe mirror 408, which redirects the laser light 218 onto a reflectivesurface 412 of the first scan mirror 206. The first scan mirror 206scans the laser light 218 into the optical relay 210 across a firstscanning axis.

In the example of FIG. 4, the optical relay 210 is a molded reflectiverelay, which may be, for example, molded from a solid clear component(e.g., glass or an optical plastic such as Zeonex) and the reflectivesurfaces thereof are implemented as mirror coatings or metasurfaces. Insome embodiments, one or more reflective surfaces of the moldedreflective relay reflect light via TIR and therefore do not requiremirror coatings or fabricated metasurfaces to reflect light. Suchmolding can simplify the fabrication of the laser projection system 200as it facilitates the incorporation of some or all of the opticalsurfaces of the relay into a single element, rather than severaldistinct, separate elements. Further, in some embodiments, the use of amolded structure allows for light to be propagated through one or moreregions of the optical relay 210 via TIR, rather than using mirrorcoatings to propagate light through those regions.

The optical relay 210 is configured to route the laser light 218 towarda reflective surface 414 of the scan mirror 208. The scan mirror 208scans the laser light 218 across the incoupler 212 of the waveguide 205along a second scanning axis. In some embodiments, the second scanningaxis is perpendicular to the plane along which the laser lightpropagates through the optical relay 210.

FIG. 5 shows an example of paths that the concurrent laser lights outputby the optical engine 202 can take through the optical relay 210 for anembodiment in which the optical relay 210 is a molded reflective relay.As shown, the optical engine 202 outputs red laser light 218-1, greenlaser light 218-2, and blue laser light 218-3 toward the beam combiner404. The beam combiner 404 combines individual beams of the laser light218-1, 218-2, 218-3 into the laser light 218, and redirects the laserlight 218 toward the mirror 408, which reflects the laser light 218 ontothe scan mirror 206. The scan mirror 206 scans the laser light 218 alonga first scanning axis 502 into the optical relay 210. The optical relay210 reflects the laser light 218 off of reflective surfaces 504, 506,508, and 510, then outputs the laser light 218 toward the reflectivesurface 414 of the scan mirror 208. The scan mirror 208 then scans thelaser light 218 across the incoupler 212 along a second scanning axis512, where the laser light 218 converges onto the incoupler 212 at mostor all achievable scan angles of the scan mirror 206.

FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of a WHUD 600 that includes the laserprojection system 200 of FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the WHUD 600represents the display system 100 of FIG. 1. In the depicted embodiment,the optical engine 202, the optical scanner 204, the incoupler 212, anda portion of the waveguide 205 are included in an arm 602 of the WHUD600.

The WHUD 600 includes an optical combiner lens 604, which includes afirst lens 606, a second lens 608, and the waveguide 205, with thewaveguide 205 disposed between the first lens 606 and the second lens608. Light exiting through the outcoupler 214 travels through the secondlens 608 (which corresponds to, for example, the lens element 110 of thedisplay system 100). In use, the light exiting second lens 608 entersthe pupil of an eye 610 of a user wearing the WHUD 600, causing the userto perceive a displayed image carried by the laser light output by theoptical engine 202. The optical combiner lens 604 is substantiallytransparent, such that light from real-world scenes corresponding to theenvironment around the WHUD 600 passes through the first lens 606, thesecond lens 608, and the waveguide 205 to the eye 610 of the user. Inthis way, images or other graphical content output by the laserprojection system 200 are combined (e.g., overlayed) with real-worldimages of the user's environment when projected onto the eye 610 of theuser to provide an AR experience to the user.

Although not shown in the depicted example, in some embodimentsadditional optical elements are included in any of the optical pathsbetween the optical engine 202 and the incoupler 212, in between theincoupler 212 and the outcoupler 214, and/or in between the outcoupler214 and the eye 610 of the user (e.g., in order to shape the laser lightfor viewing by the eye 610 of the user). As an example, in certainembodiments a prism is used to steer light from the optical scanner 204into the incoupler 212 so that light is coupled into incoupler 212 atthe appropriate angle to encourage propagation of the light in waveguide205 by TIR. As another independent example, in some embodiments, an exitpupil expander (e.g., the exit pupil expander 304), such as a foldgrating, is arranged in an intermediate stage between incoupler 212 andoutcoupler 214 to receive light that is coupled into waveguide 205 bythe incoupler 212, expand the light, and redirect the light towards theoutcoupler 214, where the outcoupler 214 then couples the laser lightout of waveguide 205 (e.g., toward the eye 610 of the user).

FIGS. 7 and 8 show two different perspective, partially transparentviews 700 (FIG. 7) and 800 (FIG. 8) of a portion of a WHUD 702, whichrepresents the WHUD 600 of FIG. 6 or the display system 100 of FIG. 1.The WHUD 702 includes an example arrangement of the laser projectionsystem 200 of FIGS. 2, 4, and 5 for an embodiment in which the opticalrelay 210 is a molded reflective relay. In some embodiments, the WHUD702 corresponds to the display system 100 of FIG. 1, and the illustratedportion of the WHUD 702 corresponds to the region 112 of the displaysystem 100.

As shown by the views 700 of FIG. 7 and 800 of FIG. 8, the arm 704 ofthe WHUD 702 houses the optical engine 202, the primary lenses 406 andat least a portion of the first scan mirror 206, the optical relay 210,and the substrate 402. A frame section 706 of the WHUD 702 houses thesecond scan mirror 208 and portions of the first scan mirror 206, theoptical relay 210, and the substrate 402. As shown by the view 700 ofFIG. 7, the incoupler 212 and the outcoupler 214 of the waveguide 205(not fully shown in the views of FIGS. 7 and 8), are each embedded in orotherwise disposed on the lens 708 (one embodiment of, for example, lens110 of FIG. 1). As described previously, laser light output by theoptical engine 202 (e.g., laser light 218, FIG. 5) is routed to theincoupler 212 via at least the first scan mirror 206, the optical relay210, and the second scan mirror 208. The first scan mirror 206oscillates or otherwise rotates to scan the laser light along a firstscanning axis, and the second scan mirror 208 oscillates or otherwiserotates to scan the laser light along a second scanning axis that isperpendicular to the first scanning axis. Laser light reflected by thesecond scan mirror 208 converges to a line at the incoupler 212. Relayedlaser light received at the incoupler 212 is routed to the outcoupler214 via the waveguide 205. The light received at the outcoupler 214 isthen directed out of the waveguide 205 (e.g., toward the eye of a userof the WHUD 702).

FIG. 9 shows an optical engine 901 having a single set of laser lightsources 905 including a red laser light source 905-1, a green laserlight source 905-2, and a blue laser light source 905-3 disposed in anenclosure 910. Laser light beams generated by the laser light sources905 of the optical engine 901 propagate out of the enclosure 910 througha window 915, through respective collimating lenses 920, and into a beamcombiner 925 (such as a dichroic filter combiner). In certainembodiments, the beam combiner 925 may include dichroic beam splitters(not separately depicted in FIG. 9), each tuned to a differentwavelength of laser light output by the laser light sources 905 of theoptical engine 901. The beam combiner 925 combines the laser lightreceived from the collimating lenses 920 and redirects the combinedlaser light to eventually be projected out of the display system (notshown) that includes the optical engine 901.

FIG. 10 shows an optical engine 1001 (e.g., which may be an embodimentof the optical engine 202 of FIG. 2) having two sets of laser lightsources 1005 (e.g., which may be an embodiment of the laser lightsources 410 of FIG. 4), each including a respective red laser lightsource, a green laser light source, and a blue laser light sourcedisposed in an enclosure 1010. In particular, a first set of laser lightsources includes a blue laser light source 1005-01, a green laser lightsource 1005-2, and a red laser light source 1005-3; a second set oflaser light sources includes a blue laser light source 1005-04, a greenlaser light source 1005-5, and a red laser light source 1005-6. Laserlight beams generated by the two sets of laser light sources 1005propagate out of the enclosure through a window 1015, through respectiveprimary lenses 1020-1, 1020-2, 1020-3, 1020-4, 1020-5, and 1020-6(collectively referenced herein as primary lenses 1020, which may be anembodiment of the primary lenses 406 of FIG. 4), and into a beamcombiner 1025 (e.g., which may be an embodiment of the beam combiner 404of FIG. 4) that includes dichroic beam splitters 1025-1, 1025-2, 1025-3,1025-4, 1025-5, and 1025-6, each tuned to a different wavelength oflaser light output by the laser light sources of the optical engine. Thebeam combiner 1025 combines the laser light beams received via primarylenses 1020 to produce one or more combined laser light beams andredirects each combined laser light beam into an optical scanner (notdepicted here, but which may comprise an embodiment of the opticalscanner 204 of FIG. 2), which scans and focuses each combined laserlight beam onto the incoupler of a waveguide. Each combined laser lightbeam is projected via the waveguide out of the display system thatincludes the optical engine (e.g., onto the eye of a user of the displaysystem). It should be understood that the depicted arrangement of thelaser light sources of the optical engine can be modified according tovarious embodiments to account for thermal considerations, electronicdrive considerations, the arrangement of the beam splitters of the beamcombiner, or other applicable considerations.

One technique for combining different beams of laser light output by theoptical engine 1001 of FIG. 10 is to use a beam combiner having one ormore dichroic beam splitters to combine different wavelengths of light.FIG. 11 shows an example arrangement of dichroic beam splitters(sometimes referred to as dichroic mirrors) in a beam combiner 1101 thatmay correspond to some embodiments of the beam combiner 1025 of FIG. 10.In the depicted embodiment, each beam of laser light output in direction1130 by laser light sources 1122-1 through 1122-6 (collectivelyreferenced herein as laser light sources 1122) are first incident on arespective dichroic beam splitter 1125-1 through 1125-6 prior to beingcombined. Each dichroic beam splitter may reflect light that is incidenton a first surface of that dichroic beam splitter and may transmit lightthat is incident on a second surface of that dichroic beam splitter. Inthe depicted embodiment, the dichroic beam splitters 1125-1 through1125-6 are arranged in series, such that laser light reflected by thereflective first surface of each dichroic beam splitter travels along acommon axis in a common direction, through one or more transmissivesecond surfaces of other dichroic beam splitters in some cases, suchthat the six beams of laser light reflected by the dichroic beamsplitters are combined into a single beam projected in direction 1140.In certain embodiments, each dichroic beam splitter may be tuned so thatits reflective first surface is only reflective to a particularwavelength or wave band of light corresponding to or including thewavelength of laser light received by that dichroic beam splitter fromthe optical engine at its reflective first surface. In some embodiments,the laser sources of the optical engine of FIG. 10 may be arranged inorder of ascending or descending wavelengths in order to reduce thecomplexity of the beam combiner.

FIG. 12 shows another example arrangement of dichroic beam splitterscorresponding to some embodiments of the beam combiner of FIG. 10. In amanner similar to that described above with respect to beam combiner1101 of FIG. 11, each beam of laser light output in direction 1130 bylaser light sources 1222-1 through 1222-4 are first incident on arespective dichroic beam splitter 1225-1 through 1225-4 prior to beingcombined. As before, each dichroic beam splitter may reflect light thatis incident on a first surface of that dichroic beam splitter and maytransmit light that is incident on a second surface of that dichroicbeam splitter. Once again, the dichroic beam splitters 1225-1 through1225-4 are arranged in series, such that laser light reflected by thereflective first surface of each of those dichroic beam splitterstravels along a common axis in a common direction 1140. However, incontrast to the example of FIG. 11, two of the beams of laser light(beams 1222-5 and 1222-6) are received along paths that are alignedperpendicularly to the paths of the other four beams of laser light(beams 1222-1 through 1222-4), and the corresponding dichroic beamsplitters 1225-5 and 1225-6 of the beam combiner 1201 are not aligned inseries with the other dichroic beam splitters 1225-1 through 1225-4.Instead, dichroic beam splitters 1225-5 and 1225-6 are arranged toreflect beams 1222-5 and 1222-6, which are projected in a commondirection 1250, toward an additional dichroic beam splitter 1225-7 alongdirection 1130. The additional dichroic beam splitter 1225-7 ispositioned in series with the dichroic beam splitters 1225-1 through1225-4 that reflect beams 1222-1 through 1222-4, such that beams 1222-5and 1222-6 are combined with beams 1222-1 through 1222-4 at theadditional dichroic beam splitter 1225-7 to form a single combined beam1235 projected in direction 1140.

Another technique for combining different beams of laser light (e.g.,those output by the optical engine 1001 of FIG. 10) is to use a beamcombiner having one or more polarizing beam splitters to combinedifferent polarizations of light. FIG. 13 shows an example arrangementof a beam combiner 1301 that uses one or more polarizing beam splittersto combine laser light beams output by the optical engine. In thedepicted example, a first laser light output by the optical engine ofFIG. 10 is polarized to have either “p” polarization (e.g., light havingan electric field that is polarized parallel to the plane of incidencebefore and after reflection at the beam combiner) or an “s” polarization(e.g., light having an electric field that is polarized perpendicular tothe plane of incidence before and after reflection at the beamcombiner). Each p-polarized beam 1322-P of laser light is directed ontoa mirror 1325 of the beam combiner, while each s-polarized beam 1322-Sof laser light is directed onto a polarizing beam splitter 1328. Themirror 1325 is reflective of p-polarized light (or, in some embodiments,all light), while the polarizing beam splitter is transmissive ofp-polarized light and is reflective of s-polarized light. In this way,p-polarized light incident on the mirror is reflected along a path thatpasses through the polarizing beam splitter and is transmitted by thepolarizing beam splitter, while the s-polarized light is incident on andreflected by the polarizing beam splitter, such that the p-polarizedlight and the s-polarized light are combined at the polarizing beamsplitter 1301.

Another technique for combining different beams of laser light output bythe optical engine of FIG. 10 is to combine two subsets of the beams oflaser light into two respective combined laser light beams that areangularly separated. FIG. 14 shows an example arrangement of a beamcombiner 1401 corresponding to some embodiments of the beam combiner ofFIG. 10. The beam combiner 1401 includes a first set of dichroic beamsplitters 1425-1, 1425-2, and 1425-3 that combine a first set of beams1422-1, 1422-2, and 1422-3; and a second set of dichroic beam splitters1425-4, 1425-5, and 1425-6 that combine a second set of beams (beams1422-4, 1422-5, and 1422-6). In the present example, the first set ofbeams and the second set of beams propagate toward the first and secondsets of dichroic beam splitters from substantially different directions1430 and 1440, respectively. The first set of dichroic beam splitters1425-1, 1425-2, and 1425-3 combines the first set of beams 1422-1,1422-2, and 1422-3 into a first combined laser light beam 1435-1, andthe second set of dichroic beam splitters combines the second set ofbeams 1425-4, 1425-5, and 1425-6 into a second combined laser light beam1435-2, where the first and second combined laser light beams propagatealong optical paths that are angled with respect to one another. Thatis, the first combined laser light beam 1435-1 and second combined laserlight beam 1435-2 are not parallel with respect to one another. In someembodiments, the optical engine of FIG. 10 may be divided into twoseparate optical engines to provide the sets of laser light beams alongthe illustrated optical paths toward the sets of dichroic beamsplitters. In some embodiments, one or more optical elements (not shown)such as mirrors or beam splitters may be disposed in the optical pathsbetween the optical engine and one or both sets of dichroic beamsplitters in order to direct the laser light beams from the opticalengine to the first and/or second sets of dichroic beam splitters alongthe illustrated optical paths.

In some embodiments, the angular separation between the first combinedlaser light beam 1435-1 and second combined laser light beam 1435-2 maybe relatively large, such that the first and second combined laser lightbeams can be mapped onto adjacent regions of the field of view (FOV) ofa display system.

FIG. 15 partially depicts an example of an optical scanner (e.g.,optical scanner 204 of FIG. 2) that includes a 4f relay (an opticalrelay in which the distance between the scanner plane and the ocularpupil plane is four times the focal distance) as its optical relay. Inthe context of the depicted embodiment, the 4f optical relay 1510includes a first lens 1510-1 and a second lens 1510-2, positioned suchthat the distance between the scanner plane 1530 at the scan mirror 1506which may be considered an embodiment of scan mirror 206 of FIG. 2) andthe ocular pupil plane 1540 to which the scanned beam converges is fourtimes the focal distance f, with the first lens 1510-1 being disposed ata distance from the scanner plane 1530 equal to the focal distance f andthe second lens 1510-2 being disposed at a distance from the pupil planethat is also equal to the focal distance f. The lenses of the 4f opticalrelay 1510 may be shaping lenses or collimating lenses. In the presentexample, a single input laser light beam 1522 is incident on the scanmirror 1506 and is then scanned across the 4f optical relay 1510, tosubsequently converge to a pupil plane 1540 (e.g., at the incoupler 212of the waveguide 205 of FIG. 2).

FIG. 16 shows an example of the optical scanner 1510 of FIG. 15, wherefirst and second angularly separated input laser light beams (e.g., thefirst combined laser light beam 1435-1 and second combined laser lightbeam 1435-2 of FIG. 14) are incident on the scan mirror. The first laserlight beam is scanned across a first section (corresponding to FOV1635-1, approximately half) of the scan region between the scan mirrorand the pupil plane, and the second laser light beam is scanned across asecond section (corresponding to FOV 1635-2, approximately half) of thescan region, with each section of the scan region corresponding to arespectively different FOV, such that the overall FOV of the displaysystem is effectively expanded compared to both arrangements in whichonly a single set of laser light sources was used and those in which thescan regions of each combined laser light beam (corresponding to eachset of laser light sources) substantially overlapped. In someembodiments, the first and second sections of the scan region(respectively corresponding to FOV 1635-1 and FOV 1635-2) may partiallyoverlap. In some embodiments, the first and second sections of the scanregion may be non-overlapping.

In addition to effectively expanding the overall FOV provided by thedisplay system, certain embodiments may provide an additional benefitresulting at least in part from having adjacent FOVs generated fromseparate light sources: reduced MEMS power consumption based on smallerscan angles of the scanning mirror. In particular, embodiments utilizingmultiple angular input light beams can cover the same FOV in suchsmaller scan angles, thereby utilizing less power.

In some embodiments, the angular separation between the first combinedlaser light beam 1435-1 and second combined laser light beam 1435-2 ofFIG. 14 may be relatively small, such that the first and second combinedlaser light beams mostly overlap the same FOV, but superimpose pixels.

FIG. 17 shows an example of an optical scanner 1704 (which may beconsidered an embodiment of optical scanner 204 of FIG. 2) that includesa molded reflective relay 1710 as its optical relay (which may beconsidered an embodiment of optical relay 210 of FIG. 2). The moldedreflective relay 1710 includes a first curved mirror 1712, a fold mirror1716, and a second curved mirror 1714, where the first and second curvedmirrors bend and reflect incident light, while the fold mirror onlyreflects incident light. The first and second curved mirrors and thefold mirror of the molded reflective relay may be formed to enable totalinternal reflection (TIR) by mirror coating or forming metasurfaces inor on corresponding portions of a molded structure of opticallytransparent material. In the depicted embodiment, a single input laserlight beam 1722 is incident on a first scan mirror 1706 (which may beconsidered an embodiment of scan mirror 206 of FIG. 2), is then scannedacross the first curved mirror 1712 of the molded reflective relay,which reflects and focuses the input laser light beam toward the foldmirror 1716, which reflects the input laser light beam toward the secondcurved mirror 1714, which reflects and focuses the input laser lightbeam toward a second scan mirror 1708 (which may be considered anembodiment of the scan mirror 208 of FIG. 2) to subsequently converge toa pupil plane (e.g., at the incoupler 212 of the waveguide 205 of FIG.2). It should be understood that only the central ray of the laser lightscanned by the first scan mirror is shown in the present example for thesake of clarity, but following the first scan mirror the laser light isscanned (e.g., along a single dimension/plane) across each of the firstand second curved mirrors 1712 and 1714, the fold mirror 1716, and thesecond scan mirror 1708 before converging to a pupil plane at theincoupler 212.

FIG. 18 shows an example of the optical scanner of FIG. 17, where firstand second angularly separated input laser light beams (e.g., the firstcombined laser light beam 1435-1 and second combined laser light beam1435-2 of FIG. 14) are incident on the first scan mirror 1706. As shown,the central rays of the first combined laser light beam 1435-1 and thesecond combined laser light beam 1435-2 follow different optical pathsthrough the optical relay 1710 after being scanned by the first scanmirror 1706, then each converge to an optical pupil at the incoupler 212of the waveguide after being scanned by the second scan mirror 1708. Asdescribed elsewhere herein, the first and second sets of pixels that aredisplayed via scanning of the first and second angularly separated inputlaser light beams (combined laser light beams 1435-1 and 1435-2) by theoptical scanner may partially overlap.

FIG. 19 shows an example of the optical scanner 1510 of FIG. 15, wherefirst and second angularly separated input laser light beams (e.g., thefirst combined laser light beam 1435-1 and second combined laser lightbeam 1435-2 of FIG. 14) are incident on the scan mirror 1506, and wherethe angular separation is relatively small, such that the first andsecond angularly separated input laser light beams overlap the same FOV,thereby superimposing pixels. As shown, the central ray of the firstcombined laser light beam 1435-1 is offset by distance D from thecentral ray of the second combined laser light beam 1435-2 between thefirst and second lenses 1510-1 and 1510-2 of the optical relay 1510after each beam is scanned by the first scan mirror 1506, with thedistance D being a function of the angular separation of the first andsecond angularly separated input laser light beams. As shown, thecentral rays of the first combined laser light beam 1435-1 and secondcombined laser light beam 1435-2 follow different optical paths throughthe optical relay after being scanned by the first scan mirror 1506,then each converge to an optical pupil at the incoupler 212 of thewaveguide. As described elsewhere herein, the first and second sets ofpixels that are displayed via scanning of the first and second angularlyseparated input laser light beams by the optical scanner 1510 maypartially overlap.

FIG. 20 shows an example row of first and second sets of pixels that areoutput by an embodiment of a display system (e.g., the laser projectionsystem 200 of FIG. 2) that includes an optical scanner in which theangular separation between the first and second input laser light beamsis relatively small. The first set of pixels 2001 corresponds to thefirst input laser light beam (e.g., first combined laser light beam1435-1), while the second set of pixels 2002 corresponds to the secondinput laser light beam (e.g., second combined laser light beam 1435-2).As shown, the first set of pixels 2001 and the second set of pixels 2002partially overlap one another along a common row. Each pixel in a givenone of the first set of pixels 2001 and the second set of pixels 2002 isoutput by the display system at a different time (e.g., times t₀, t₁,t₂, t₃, t₄, and so on) with respect to the other pixels within that set.However, pairs of pixels from the first set of pixels and the second setof pixels are displayed at the same time. For example, a first pixel ofthe first set of pixels and a first pixel of the second set of pixelsare both displayed at time ti and partially overlap one another. Thispartial overlap results from the angular separation of the first andsecond laser light beams input to the optical scanner, and the lateraloffset between the first and second sets of pixels is dependent on themagnitude of that angular separation.

In contrast, suppose an alternative in which the angular separationbetween the first and second input laser light beams is relativelylarge. Assuming that greater angular separation, the first set of pixels2001 would be laterally offset from the second set of pixels 2002 by agreater amount, such that pixels at either edge of the depicted row ofpixels are not overlapped by pixels of the opposing set of pixels. Thatis, there would be regions at the edge of a given row of pixels thatcorrespond to only one of the first and second input laser light beams.

In some embodiments, more than two input laser light beams may bereceived by the optical scanner. FIG. 21 shows an example in which threeinput laser light beams 1435-1, 1435-2, and 1435-3 are incident on thefirst scan mirror 1706 of the optical scanner of FIG. 17.

FIG. 22 shows an example row of first, second, and third sets of pixels,with each set of pixels corresponding to and being provided via arespective one of the three input laser light beams 1435-1, 1435-2, and1435-3 of FIG. 21. In the present example, each of the first set ofpixels 2201, second set of pixels 2202, and third set of pixels 2203 arelaterally offset from one another along a horizontal scan direction, butare aligned along the vertical direction such that all of the pixels arepositioned in the same row. It will be appreciated that in certainembodiments, one or more input laser light beams may be scanned out ofplane with respect to the first and second input laser light beams bythe first scan mirror, resulting in configurations in which thecorresponding one or more sets of pixels are vertically offset from oneanother along the horizontal scan direction.

FIG. 23 shows an example row of first, second, third, and fourth sets ofpixels (2201, 2202, 2203, and 2204, respectively) in an embodiment inwhich four angularly separated input laser light beams are provided tothe optical engine, such that each set of pixels corresponds to and isprovided via a respective one of the four angularly separated inputlaser light beams. To achieve the pixel arrangement of FIG. 23, thefirst and second input laser light beams are scanned in-plane withrespect to one another along a first plane by the first scan mirror,while the third and fourth input laser light beams are scanned in-planewith respect to one another along a second plane, such that the firstand second input laser light beams are out of plane with respect to thethird and fourth input laser light beams.

FIG. 24 shows an example of how first, second, third, and fourth inputlaser light beams, respectively corresponding to sets of pixels 2201,2202, 2203, and 2204 of FIG. 23 are incident on a first scan mirror 2406(which may be considered an embodiment of first scan mirror 1706 ofFIGS. 17, 18, and 21). In the present example, the first, second, third,and fourth input laser light beams are angularly separated with respectto one another such that the pixels output by the display system do notoverlap.

An example of an image corresponding to such the arrangement of pixelsproduced by the input laser light beams of FIG. 24 is shown in theexample of FIG. 25, with spacing between pixels being greatlyexaggerated for the sake of clarity. In the present example, the first,second, third, and fourth sets of pixels 2201 (which includes all pixelsidentified as ‘1’), 2202 (which includes all pixels identified as ‘2’),2203 (which includes all pixels identified as ‘3’), and 2204 (whichincludes all pixels identified as ‘1’) form an array of pixels thatincludes rows of pixels from the first and second sets of pixels, rowsof pixels from the third and fourth sets of pixels, columns of pixelsfrom the first and third sets of pixels, and columns of pixels from thesecond and fourth sets of pixels. An array of blocks of pixels isdisposed within the illustrated region 2510, with each block of pixelsincluding a pixel from the first set of pixels 2201, a pixel from thesecond set of pixels 2202, a pixel from the third set of pixels 2203,and a pixel from the fourth set of pixels 2204. Within the region 2510,no two adjacent pixels belong to the same set of pixels, as the pixelswithin each row and each column within the square alternate between setsof pixels. Due to the horizontal and vertical offsets of the four setsof pixels, certain regions outside of the region 2510 include pixelscorresponding to only one or only two of the sets of pixels, rather thanincluding pixels belonging to all four sets of pixels. Additionally,pixel density within the region 2510 is higher than pixel densityoutside the square. In some embodiments, the display content can beadvantageously configured in accordance with this pixel densitydisparity; in other configurations and embodiments, the perimeter pixels(i.e., those outside of the region 2510) may not be used.

In some embodiments, the spacing between the superimposed pixels of theexamples of FIGS. 20, 22, 23, and 25 is equal along both axes, while inother embodiments, the spacing between these superimposed pixels isirregular along one or both axes.

The technique of superimposing pixels generated by angularly separatedinput laser light beams (sometimes referred to herein as “angular pixelsuperposition”), as described in connection with FIGS. 18-25 andelsewhere herein, generally increases the number of pixels that can bedisplayed using a fixed scan speed (e.g., since multiple input laserlight beams carrying image data are scanned simultaneously). Angularpixel superposition may be particularly useful in applications with alarge FOV and/or otherwise sub optimal pixel density, as the angularpixel superposition technique can increase the pixel density of thedisplay.

As discussed above, in certain embodiments, a given set of laser lightsources that is to be combined by a beam combiner may produce laserlight of red, green, and blue nominal wavelengths (e.g., RGB with R=˜638nm, G=˜520 nm, and B=˜465 nm), with each set of laser light sourceshaving relatively low threshold excitation levels. However, in someembodiments, two sets of laser light sources may produce first andsecond sets of RGB light, each having respectively different wavelengths(e.g., R₁G₁B₁+R₂G₂B₂ with R₁=˜638 nm, R₂=˜650 nm, G₁=˜520 nm, G₂=˜530nm, B₁=˜465 nm, and B₂=˜450 nm). In some embodiments, the wavelengths ofthe second set of laser light sources may differ from those of the firstset of laser light sources significantly, such that the second set oflaser light sources is not considered to be RGB (e.g., it may instead bycyan, yellow, maroon; CYM). Embodiments in which the optical engineincludes different sets of laser light sources that produce sets ofwavelengths of light that are respectively different from one anothermay increase the display color gamut, reduce laser speckle, and/orreduce interference between the laser light beams produced by the laserlight sources.

In some embodiments, a first set of laser light sources may includelight sources that produce RGB light, as discussed above, while one ormore additional sets of laser light sources produce a differentcombination of colors. In one example, the first set of laser lightsources of the optical engine produces RGB wavelengths of laser light, asecond set of laser light sources of the optical engine produces RGwavelengths of laser light, and a third set of laser light sources ofthe optical engine produces only a G wavelength of laser light. Inanother example, the first set of laser light sources of the opticalengine produces RGGB wavelengths of laser light and a second set oflaser light sources of the optical engine produces RR wavelengths oflaser light, where the three R wavelengths correspond to respectivelydifferent wavelengths of red light, and the two G wavelengths correspondto respectively different wavelengths of green light. For instances inwhich the availability of laser sources with low threshold excitationlevels differs based on the color of each laser light source, the use ofa different number of laser light sources in each set of laser lightsources of the optical engine may be used to balance the outputrequirements of the optical engine by color.

In some embodiments, each set of laser light sources of the opticalengine may have respectively different brightness levels and/orthreshold excitation levels compared to each other set of laser lightsources of the optical engine. In some embodiments, the optical engineincludes a first set of laser light sources that produce light withrelatively high brightness and/or high threshold excitation level and asecond set of laser light sources that produce light with relatively lowbrightness and/or low threshold excitation level, which allows thesystem to incorporate the benefits of the expanded dynamic range of thesecond set of laser light sources while still being able to achieve highbrightness with the first set of laser light sources and/or to operatein different power usage regimes due to the different thresholdexcitation levels of each set.

In some embodiments, each set of laser light sources of the opticalengine may include sources of a respectively different laser typecompared to each other set of laser light sources of the optical engine.For example, a first set of laser light sources of the optical enginemay include double heterojunction laser diodes, quantum dot lasers,vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), internal cavitylasers, external cavity lasers, or another applicable laser type, whilea second set of laser light sources of the optical engine may includesources of one of the aforementioned laser types that are different fromthe laser type used in the first set of laser light sources.

In some embodiments, the orientation and location of laser light sourcesand the optical path used to combine laser light beams are notorthogonal and/or are not coplanar.

According to various embodiments, the cross-sectional shape of eachlaser light beam produced by the optical engine may be circular,elliptical, or another applicable shape.

While the examples of FIG. 16 generally relates to expanding the FOV ofthe display system by scanning different angularly separated inputcombined laser light beams in two different scan regions, and theexamples of FIGS. 17-25 generally relate to superimposing pixels byscanning different angularly separated input combined laser light beamsin substantially overlapping scan regions, it should be understood thatin some embodiments, the use of multiple angularly separated laser setsin the optical engine may both expand the FOV and superimpose pixels inthe same display system.

As discussed elsewhere herein (such as with respect to the examples ofFIGS. 10-14), another technique for combining multiple sets of laserlight beams output by multiple sets of laser light sources involvesplacing multiple laser dies on each of one or more submounts of theoptical engine, such as to produce parallel combined laser light beams(via the combining of the laser light beams by dichroic beam splittersof a beam combiner). In certain embodiments, each submount may includemultiple laser dies having an elliptical or other noncircularcross-sectional shape, such as to advantageously decrease an acceptableminimum distance between two or more laser dies positioned on the samesubmount.

FIG. 26 shows an example of an optical engine (e.g., the optical engine202 of FIG. 2) having six distinct laser light sources collectivelyreferenced herein as laser emitters 2605: a first laser light sourcethat includes a first submount 2605-1, on which first and second bluelaser dies 2605-B1 and 2605-B2 are disposed; a second laser light sourcethat includes a second submount 2605-2, on which first and second greenlaser dies 2605-G1 and 2605-G2 are disposed, and a third laser lightsource that includes a third submount on which first and second redlaser dies are disposed. Laser light beams output by the six laser diespass through respective collimating lenses 2620-1, 2620-2, and 2620-3(which may be considered embodiments of primary lenses 406 of FIG. 4),which focus the laser light beams onto dichroic beam splitters of thebeam combiner 2625 placed at the output of the collimating lenses.

As depicted with respect to elliptical laser beam profiles 2610-B1,2610-B2, 2610-G1, 2610-G2, 2610-R1, and 2610-R2, in the depictedembodiment the laser light beams produced via laser emitters 2605 eachhave an elliptical cross-sectional shape. In addition, in certainembodiments one or more of the collimating lenses 2620-1, 2620-2, and2620-3 may comprise a discrete, edge-trimmed lens, shaped to have anaperture that approximates the cross-sectional shape (a non-circularelliptical shape, in the present example) of the laser light beam outputby one or more corresponding laser dies of the optical engine. Byshaping the collimating lens to approximate the shape of the laser lightbeam that is to be passed through the collimating lens, the laser dieson a given submount may be positioned closer together. The depictedembodiment produces combined laser light beams that are parallel,following combining of the laser light beams by the dichroic beamsplitters of the beam combiner 2625.

In some embodiments, the collimating lenses at the output of the opticalengine may each include an array of lenses. For example, in theembodiment of FIG. 26, each of the collimating lenses 2620-1, 2620-2,and 2620-3 may be implemented as respective 2×1 arrays of collimatinglenses that may be disposed between each submount 2605-1, 2605-2, and2605-3 of the optical engine and the beam combiner 2625. In this manner,each laser light beam output by each of the laser emitters 2605 passesthrough a respectively different lens of the 2×1 arrays of collimatinglenses. In other embodiments, the collimating lenses at the output ofthe optical engine may include a single lens per pair of laser dies(i.e., with each pair of laser dies being disposed on a respectivecommon submount).

FIG. 27 shows an example in which respective single collimating lenses2720-1, 2720-2, and 2720-3 are disposed between each submount 2605-1,2605-2, and 2605-3 and a beam combiner 2725, such that each pair oflaser light beams output by each commonly mounted pair of laser diespasses through a different single collimating lens. In the depictedembodiment, the output laser light beam generated by each laser die of agiven commonly mounted pair of laser dies is symmetrically de-centeredfrom the output laser light beam generated by the other laser die in thepair, such that the two output laser light beams do not passsymmetrically about the center of the collimating lens. This symmetricdecentering of the laser light beams output by the laser dies of eachcommonly mounted pair of laser dies causes the beam combiner 2725 toproduce two combined laser light beams 2735-1 and 2735-2 that areangularly separated from one another.

In some embodiments, the die spacing and/or path length from one or moreof the collimating lenses to the beam combiner may be adjusted withrespect to each pair of commonly mounted laser die, such as to betteralign the laser light beams output by laser die of different pairs.

FIG. 28 shows an example embodiment of either of the systems of FIGS. 26and 27, in which each laser die of each commonly mounted pair (e.g.,laser dies 2605-R1 and 2605-R2) are spaced about 0.8 mm apart from theother die in its pair, and the angular separation of the laser lightbeams output by each pair is about 2 degrees (e.g., 1 degree from acentral axis between the two laser dies of the pair and each of the twolaser light beams), requiring an optical path length of about 22.9 mmfor the two laser light beams output by a given pair of laser die tointersect. In some embodiments, in order to handle such a long pathlength, one or more path adjustment measures (e.g., a retroreflectorprism or other appropriate measure) may be included at the beam combiner2625. Due to differences between a refractive index associated with thematerial of such a prism (e.g., glass) and that associated with air,such adjustment measures may in certain embodiments alter the pathlength and/or angular separation of the laser light beams output by eachcommonly mounted pair of laser die when passing through that material.For example, when passing through the glass of a retroreflectorcomprised of N-BK7 glass (which has a refractive index of about 1.517),the angle of separation between the laser light beams becomes 1.32degrees (e.g., 0.66 degrees from a central axis between the two laserdies of the pair and between the two laser light beams), resulting in apath length of 34.7 mm.

In various embodiments, various types of reflectively differentretroreflector prisms may be disposed at, and/or included in, the beamcombiner in order to accommodate relatively long path lengths for theangularly separated laser light beams output by pairs of commonlymounted laser dies of the optical engine (e.g., to accommodate the pathlength shown in FIG. 37). Such accommodation is utilized in order toensure that each pair of angularly separated laser light beamsintersects at the reflective surface of the first scan mirror.

FIG. 29 shows an example embodiment in which a retroreflector prism 2940is disposed on an opposite side of a beam combiner 2925 from a set ofcollimating lenses 2920 that includes individual collimating lenses2920-1, 2920-2, 2920-3, 2920-4, 2920-5, and 2920-6, each of whichreceives laser light from laser dies 2605-B1, 2605-B2, 2605-G1, 2605-G2,2605-R1, and 2605-R2, respectively. As shown, rather than including adichroic beam splitter in the path of laser die 2920-1 (providing thelaser light beam closest to the output of the beam combiner 2925), amirror 2945 is disposed there, which reflects incoming laser light beamstoward a first end 2925-1 of the beam combiner 2925. The dichroic beamsplitter 2912-1 directs laser light beams into the retroreflector prism2940, which outputs the received light beams onto the mirror 2945, whichreflects the laser light beams out of the primary output of the beamcombiner 2925 via the scanning mirror 2908 to the waveguide incoupler2912. In some embodiments, the size of the retroreflector prism 2940 ismatched to components of the beam combiner 2925, such that the input tothe retroreflector prism 2940 is aligned with the output of the dichroicbeam splitter 2912-1 and the output of the retroreflector prism isaligned with the mirror 2945. In some embodiments, the retroreflectorprism 2940 accommodates long path lengths of the laser light beamsreceived from the laser dies 2605, such that a first set of laser lightbeams intersect at a first location at the reflective surface of thefirst scan mirror to form a first combined laser light beam, and asecond set of laser light beams intersect at a second location at thereflective surface of the first scan mirror to form a second combinedlaser light beam. While the retroreflector prism 2940 of FIG. 29 isshown in the present example, it should be understood that various otherconfigurations of retroreflector prism may be utilized and disposed atan equivalent location with respect to the beam combiner in someembodiments.

In some embodiments, the angular separation between the laser lightbeams of each given pair of laser light beams output by the opticalengine is too large or too small (possibly such that a given pair aresubstantially parallel) upon exiting the beam combiner prior to passingthrough the retroreflector prism. FIG. 30 shows an example of a wedgeprism 3045 that may be mounted on the beam combiner 2925 to adjust theangular separation between the laser light beams of each pair of laserlight beams output by the beam combiner toward the retroreflector prism2940 (not shown in the present example). In certain embodiments, one ormore reflective surfaces within the retroreflector prism 2940 mayprovide or modify the angular separation between the laser light beamsof each pair of laser light beams received by the retroreflector prism.

Note that not all of the activities or elements described above in thegeneral description are required, that a portion of a specific activityor device may not be required, and that one or more further activitiesmay be performed, or elements included, in addition to those described.Still further, the order in which activities are listed are notnecessarily the order in which they are performed. Also, the conceptshave been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, oneof ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications andchanges can be made without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, thespecification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative ratherthan a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to beincluded within the scope of the present disclosure.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have beendescribed above with regard to specific embodiments. However, thebenefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that maycause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become morepronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essentialfeature of any or all the claims. Moreover, the particular embodimentsdisclosed above are illustrative only, as the disclosed subject mattermay be modified and practiced in different but equivalent mannersapparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachingsherein. No limitations are intended to the details of construction ordesign herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It istherefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may bealtered or modified and all such variations are considered within thescope of the disclosed subject matter. Accordingly, the protectionsought herein is as set forth in the claims below.

What is claimed is:
 1. A display system comprising: an optical enginecomprising: a first set of laser light sources that includes at leastthree laser light sources; and a second set of laser light sources thatincludes at least one laser light source; and a beam combiner configuredto combine a plurality of laser light beams output by the first set oflaser light sources and the second set of laser light sources.
 2. Thedisplay system of claim 1, wherein the laser light sources of the firstset of laser light sources have a first threshold excitation level, andwherein the laser light sources of the second set of laser light sourceshave a second threshold excitation level.
 3. The display system of claim2, wherein the first set of laser light sources outputs laser lightbeams having a first intensity and a first set of wavelengths, whereinthe second set of laser light sources outputs second laser light beamshaving a second intensity and a second set of wavelengths that issubstantially identical to the first set of wavelengths, wherein thefirst threshold excitation level is higher than the second thresholdexcitation level, and wherein the first intensity is higher than thesecond intensity.
 4. The display system of claim 1, wherein the firstset of laser light sources outputs laser light beams having a first setof wavelengths, and wherein the second set of laser light sourcesoutputs second laser light beams having a second set of wavelengths thatis different from the first set of wavelengths.
 5. The display system ofclaim 4, wherein the first set of wavelengths includes first red, green,and blue (R₁G₁B₁) nominal wavelengths, and wherein the second set ofwavelengths includes second red, green, and blue (R₂G₂B₂) nominalwavelengths that are different than the R₁G₁B₁ nominal wavelengths. 6.The display system of claim 4, wherein the first set of wavelengthsincludes red, green, and blue (RGB) nominal wavelengths, and wherein thesecond set of wavelengths includes cyan, yellow, and maroon (CYM)nominal wavelengths.
 7. The display system of claim 1, wherein the firstset of laser light sources comprises a first type of laser light source,and wherein the second set of laser light sources comprises a secondtype of laser light source.
 8. The display system of claim 7, whereinthe first type of laser light source is selected from a group thatincludes double heterojunction laser diodes, quantum dot lasers,vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), internal cavitylasers, and external cavity lasers.
 9. The display system of claim 1,wherein the second set of laser light sources includes multiple laserlight sources, and wherein the beam combiner comprises: a first set ofdichroic beam splitters configured to combine a first subset of theplurality of laser light beams output by the first set of laser lightsources into a first combined laser light beam; and a second set ofdichroic beam splitters configured to combine a second subset of theplurality of laser light beams output by the second set of laser lightsources into a second combined laser light beam; and wherein the firstcombined laser light beam is angularly separated from the secondcombined laser light beam.
 10. The display system of claim 9, furthercomprising: an optical scanner configured to receive the first combinedlaser light beam and the second combined laser light beam and to scanthe first combined laser light beam and the second combined laser lightbeam along an incoupler of a waveguide that is configured to project thefirst combined laser light beam and the second combined laser light beamto form respective first and second sets of pixels.
 11. The displaysystem of claim 1, wherein the at least one laser light source of thesecond set of laser light sources includes multiple laser light sources,wherein the optical engine further comprises a plurality of submounts,and wherein each of a plurality of pairs of laser light sources of thefirst and second sets of laser light sources is disposed on arespectively different submount of the plurality of submounts.
 12. Thedisplay system of claim 11, wherein each laser light source of the firstand second sets of laser light sources comprises a laser die.
 13. Thedisplay system of claim 11, further comprising a plurality ofcollimating lenses disposed between the optical engine and the beamcombiner, wherein the collimating lenses are configured to angularlyseparate pairs of laser light beams of the plurality of laser lightbeams, each of the pairs of laser light beams corresponding to adifferent pair of the plurality of pairs of laser light sources.
 14. Thedisplay system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the laser lightsources outputs a laser light beam having a noncircular profile.
 15. Anoptical engine comprising: a first set of laser light sources thatincludes at least three laser light sources; and a second set of laserlight sources that includes at least one laser light source.
 16. Theoptical engine of claim 15, wherein the laser light sources of the firstset of laser light sources have a first threshold excitation level, andwherein the laser light sources of the second set of laser light sourceshave a second threshold excitation level.
 17. The optical engine ofclaim 16, wherein the first set of laser light sources outputs laserlight beams having a first intensity and a first set of wavelengths,wherein the second set of laser light sources outputs second laser lightbeams having a second intensity and a second set of wavelengths that issubstantially identical to the first set of wavelengths, wherein thefirst threshold excitation level is higher than the second thresholdexcitation level, and wherein the first intensity is higher than thesecond intensity.
 18. The optical engine of claim 15, wherein the firstset of laser light sources outputs laser light beams having a first setof wavelengths, and wherein the second set of laser light sourcesoutputs second laser light beams having a second set of wavelengths thatis different from the first set of wavelengths.
 19. The optical engineof claim 18, wherein the first set of wavelengths includes first red,green, and blue (R₁G₁B₁) nominal wavelengths, and wherein the second setof wavelengths includes second red, green, and blue (R₂G₂B₂) nominalwavelengths that are different than the R₁G₁B₁ nominal wavelengths. 20.The optical engine of claim 18, wherein the first set of wavelengthsincludes red, green, and blue (RGB) nominal wavelengths, and wherein thesecond set of wavelengths includes cyan, yellow, and maroon (CYM)nominal wavelengths.
 21. The optical engine of claim 15, wherein thefirst set of laser light sources comprises a first type of laser lightsource, and wherein the second set of laser light sources comprises asecond type of laser light source.
 22. A wearable heads-up display(WHUD) comprising: a first set of laser light sources comprising atleast three laser light sources; a second set of laser light sourcescomprising at least one laser light source; and a beam combinerconfigured to combine a plurality of laser light beams output by thefirst set of laser light sources and the second set of laser lightsources.
 23. The WHUD of claim 22, wherein: the second set of laserlight sources includes multiple laser light sources; the beam combinercomprises a plurality of dichroic beam splitters configured to combine afirst subset of the plurality of laser light beams output by the firstset of laser light sources into a first combined laser light beam and tocombine a second subset of the plurality of laser light beams output bythe second set of laser light sources into a second combined laser lightbeam; and the first combined laser light beam is angularly separatedfrom the second combined laser light beam.
 24. The WHUD of claim 23,further comprising: an optical scanner configured to scan the firstcombined laser light beam and the second combined laser light beam alongan incoupler of a waveguide to form respective first and second sets ofpixels based at least in part on an angular separation of the firstcombined laser light beam and the second combined laser light beam. 25.The WHUD of claim 22, wherein the at least one laser light source of thesecond set of laser light sources includes multiple laser light sources,wherein the WHUD further comprises a plurality of submounts, and whereineach of a plurality of pairs of laser light sources of the first andsecond sets of laser light sources is disposed on a respectivelydifferent submount of the plurality of submounts.